Aspects of information
Aspectos de la Información
www.fgalindosoria.com/informatica/aspects/
Aspects
of information / Aspectos de la Información
Datos, Teoría de la
Información, Conocimiento
Fernando Galindo Soria
English (www.fgalindosoria.com/en/ ) Español (www.fgalindosoria.com )
Red de Desarrollo Informatico REDI
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Creación de la
página www Cd. De México a 14 de Agosto del 2010
ultimas
actualizaciones 5 de Diciembre del 2010
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LIGAS
Information
processing “Information
processing is the change (processing) of information
in any manner detectable by an observer.
As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens
(changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in
position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system. In
the latter case, an information processor is changing the form
of presentation of that text file. Information processing may more
specifically be defined in terms used by Claude E. Shannon as the conversion of latent
information into manifest
information[citation needed]. Latent and
manifest information is defined through the terms of equivocation (remaining
uncertainty, what value the sender has actually chosen), dissipation
(uncertainty of the sender what the receiver has actually received) and
transformation (saved effort of questioning - equivocation minus dissipation)[citation needed]. Within the
field of cognitive psychology, information processing
is an approach to the goal of understanding human thinking. It arose in the
1940s and 1950s. The essence of the approach is to see cognition
as being essentially computational in nature, with mind being the software
and the brain being the hardware. The information processing approach
in psychology is closely allied to the Computational theory of mind in
philosophy ; it is also related, though not identical, to cognitivism in psychology and functionalism in philosophy. Information
processing may be sequential or parallel, either of which may
be centralized or decentralized (distributed). The parallel distributed processing
approach of the mid-1980s became popular under the name connectionism.
In the early 1950s Friedrich Hayek was ahead of his time when he
posited the idea of spontaneous order in the brain arising out of decentralized
networks of simple units (neurons). However, Hayek
is rarely cited in the literature of connectionism. In the 1970s, Abraham
Moles and Frieder Nake were among the first to establish and
analyze links between information processing and aesthetics. There are
several proposed models/thoeries that describe the way in which we process
information. The information
processing model suggests that information is channeled in different ways.
For example, the sensory register takes in via the five senses: visual,
auditory, tactile, olfactory, and taste. These are all present since birth
and are able to handle simultaneous processing (e.g., food – taste it, smell
it, see it). In general, learning benefits occur when there is a developed
process of pattern recognition. The sensory register has a large capacity and
its behavioral response is very short (1-3 seconds). Within this model, short
term memory or working memory has limited capacity. Its duration is of 5-20
seconds before it’s out of the subject's mind. This occurs often with names
of people newly introduced to. Images or information based on meaning are
stored here as well, but it decays without rehearsal or repetition of such
information. On the other hand, long term memory has a potentially unlimited
capacity and its duration is indefinite. Although sometimes it is difficult
to access, it encompasses everything learned until this point in time. One
might become forgetful or feel as if the information is on the tip of the tongue. Another
approach to viewing the ways in which information is processed in humans was
suggested by Jean Piaget in what is called the Piaget’s
Cognitive Development Theory. Piaget developed his model based on
development and growth. He identified four different stages between different
age brackets characterized by the type of information and by a distinctive
thought process. The four stages are: the sensorimotor (from birth to 2
years), preoperational (2-6 years), concrete operational (6-11 years), and
formal operational periods (11 years and older). During the sensorimotor
stage, newborns and toddlers rely on their senses for information processing
to which they respond with reflexes. In the preoperational stage, children
learn through imitation and remain unable to take other people’s point of
view. The formal operational stage is characterized by the developing ability
to use logic and to consider multiple factors to solve a problem. The last
stage is the formal operational, in which preadolescents and adolescents
begin to understand abstract concepts and to develop the ability to create
arguments and counter arguments. Furthermore,
adolescence is characterized by a series of changes in the biological,
cognitive, and social realms. In the cognitive area, it is worth noting that
the brain’s prefrontal cortex as well as the limbic system undergoes important
changes. The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that is active when
engaged in complicated cognitive activities such as planning, generating
goals and strategies, intuitive decision-making, and metacognition (thinking
about thinking). (This is consistent with Piaget’s last stage of formal
operations.) The prefrontal cortex becomes complete between adolescence and
early adulthood. The limbic system is the part of the brain that modulates
reward sensitivity based on changes in the levels of neurotransmitters (e.g.,
dopamine) and emotions. In short,
cognitive abilities vary according to our development and stages in life. It
is at the adult stage that we are better able to be better planners, process
and comprehend abstract concepts, and evaluate risks and benefits more aptly
than an adolescent or child would be able to.” (Wikipedia 20110627) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_processing Psychological Types
Jung proposed four main functions of
consciousness: The functions are modified by two
main attitude types: extraversion and introversion. Jung
theorized that the dominant function characterizes consciousness, while its
opposite is repressed and characterizes unconscious behavior. The eight psychological types are as
follows: In Psychological Types, Jung
describes in detail the effects of tensions between the complexes associated with the dominant and
inferior differentiating functions in highly and even extremely one-sided
types.” (Wikipedia
20110628) Information metabolism
In the late 1970s, Lithuanian
psychologist Aušra
Augustinavičiūtė created socionics,
a personality typology based on the typology of Carl Jung
and the theory of information metabolism of Antoni Kępiński, a Polish
psychiatrist interested in schizophrenia. According to
Augustinavičiūtė, humans can be classified in terms of types
of information processing, or "information
metabolism". Psychological features such as attention, interests, memory
and motivation are components of this theory of information metabolism. This
theory of information metabolism is built upon an analogy to biological metabolism.
According to this analogy, information that arrives as signals from outside
an organism are available for information metabolism just as food is
available for energy metabolism. The brain is the key information metabolism
system. The brain and information metabolism deal with a two-way flow of
signals: metabolism of input signals results in the production of output.
Just as enzymes can constructively interact only with structurally specific
substrate molecules, brains can only constructively metabolize information
that is correctly "tuned" to the brain. By assigning "energy
values" to the various psychological components of information
metabolism, Augustinavičiūtė created a mathematical theory of
thinking” (Wikipedia
20110628) Antoni Kępiński
… His theories
of information metabolism and axiological
psychiatry are well known and his scientific work covers over 140
publications and several books.” (Wikipedia 20110628) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_K%C4%99pi%C5%84ski Information
Elements “One of the most fundamental concepts in socionics
is the idea of information elements, or facets of
reality. The idea is that reality can be divided into categories
that different individuals perceive with differing degrees of clarity and
precision. These information elements correspond to Jung's 8 psychic
functions, but have been given a new meaning. If there are 8 possible
different "leading functions" that perceive different aspects of
reality, then reality can itself be described in terms of these 8 different
aspects. This was a critical step in the development of socionics that led
to everything else. Socionics makes a distinction between information
elements (facets of external reality) and psychic functions (positions
in the socionic
model of the psyche). Socionics founder Augusta and her associates viewed
reality as consisting of both objects and fields
(interrelationships between objects), statics and dynamics
(rest and motion), and internal and external qualities. The
most abstract possible simplification of the 8 information elements is given
here (with the symbols that were given to them): http://www.socionics.us/theory/information.shtml Augusta, Aushra
“Aushra
Augusta, or Aushra Augustinavichiute (April 4, 1927 — August 24, 2005), was a
Lithuanian economist, sociologist, and founder of socionics… In the early
1970s she discovered Jung's
Typology, Freud's
theory of psychoanalysis, and Kempinsky's
theory of information
metabolism, on the basis of which she and her associates developed
the theory of socionics. Later, in the mid-80s, Augusta learned of Myers-Briggs Typology, on the basis of
which she tried to improve socionics.” http://www.wikisocion.org/en/index.php?title=Augusta Socionics
Socionics was
developed in the 1970s and '80s, primarily by the Lithuanian
researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė,
an economist, sociologist, and dean of the Vilnius Pedagogical University's
department of family science.[2] The name
"socionics" is derived from the word "society",
because Augustinavičiūtė believed that each personality type
has a distinct purpose in society, which can be described and explained by
socionics.[3] The central
idea of socionics is that information is intuitively divisible into eight
categories, called information aspects or information elements,
which a person's psyche processes using eight psychological functions.
Each sociotype has a different correspondence between functions and
information elements, which results in different ways of perceiving,
processing, and producing information. This in turn results in distinct
thinking patterns, values, and responses to arguments, all of which are
encompassed within socionic type. Socionics' theory of intertype relations is
based on the interaction of these functions between types.” (Wikipedia 20110628) |
